The rule in our school of thought is that if one misses a travel prayer (Salat al-Safar), they make it up in the residence as shortened (Qasr). And if one misses a residence prayer (Salat al-Haḍr) and then travels, they make it up in full.
Therefore, whoever catches the designated time for performing the Dhuhr prayer (Salat al-Ẓuhr) in their place of residence, they pray it in full. But if they miss the time for performing it and then catch the time for the ʿAṣr prayer (Salat al-ʿAṣr) while they are traveling, they make it up in their residence by praying two rak’ahs.
– Part 2: What if someone combines the ʿAṣr prayer with the Dhuhr prayer in advancement and then returns to their home during the time of ʿAṣr?
In this case, there is no obligation on the person because they chose to combine the prayers following the opinion that permits combining prayers while traveling. However, the earlier combining invalidated their obligation for the ʿAṣr prayer.
Some Shafiʿi scholars hold the view that they should perform the ʿAṣr prayer separately because its reason for combining has ceased upon their arrival.
The first opinion is the one followed by the scholars issuing religious verdicts.
– Combining Friday (Jumu’ah) Prayer with the ʿAṣr Prayer has been a subject of disagreement among scholars:
The majority of scholars are of the opinion that combining the Friday (Jumu’ah) Prayer with the ʿAṣr Prayer is not allowed, despite various reasons. The Ḥanafīs maintain the principle of not combining prayers except at ʿArafah and Muzdalifah during Ḥajj. The Ḥanbalīs do not see Friday Prayer as similar to the ẓuhr prayer. On the other hand, the Shāfiʿī school allows combining Friday Prayer with the ʿAṣr Prayer due to valid reasons that justify combining prayers according to their perspective.
And Allah knows best.
Fatwa by Dr. Khālid Naṣr